Introduction to the knowledge of ancient and modern materials, identification and different uses of them in architecture.
Construction techniques in their historical development.
Methodological aspects of architectural restoration.
Outlines of the theory and history of the architectural restoration.
The preliminaries investigations in the architectural artifacts.
The survey for restoration design and the direct analysis of buildings. The architectural diagnostics.
Course Content - Part D
Technological architecture history. Archaeology Building materials
Introduction to Architectural Restoration. Foundations and methodological developments
Indirect Sources: historical research, bibliographic, archival, iconographic.
The Direct Sources:
The Survey for Restoration
Survey Methods and Tools for the Built artifacts reading
The Materials and Structures: Analysis, recognition, degradation and diagnostics
- C.F.Giuliani, L'edilizia nell'antichità, Roma, 1990
- J.P.Adam, L'arte di costruire presso i Romani. Materiali e tecniche, Milano, 1989;
- M.Salvatori, Perché gli edifici stanno in piedi, Milano, 1990
- S. Maria del Fiore. Teorie e storie dell’archeologia e del restauro nella città delle fabbriche arnolfiane, a cura di G. R. Coopmans de Yoldi, Firenze, 2006;P. Sanpaolesi, Discorso sulla metodologia generale del restauro dei monumenti, Edam, Firenze, 1973
G. Rocchi, Istituzioni di restauro architettonico dei beni architettonici e ambientali, Hoepli, Milano 1990 (II ed.)
G.Carbonara, Trattato di restauro architettonico, U.T.E.T., Torino 1996-2001
C. Di Biase, Il degrado del calcestruzzo nell'architettura del Novecento, Maggioli Editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna, 2009
S. Musso, Recupero e restauro degli edifici storici. Guida pratica al rilievo e alla diagnostica, EPC libri, 2010
L.Marino, Il rilievo per il restauro, Hoepli, Milano 1990;
And other texts in the course will be provided.
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
The list contains only some significant books that can provide a set of basics
SPECIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
- In-depth bibliography will be provided during the course, depending on the type of exercises
- Bibliographical material and documents on which set insights and debates will be made available on e.learning - Moodle platform
Musso, Stefano F. - Recupero e restauro degli edifici storici. Guida pratica al rilievo e alla diagnostica – E.P.C. Libri: Roma, 2004
Gurrieri, Francesco - Dizionario generale del Restauro – Mandragora: Firenze, 2013
Marino, Luigi – Il rilievo per il restauro – Hoepli: Milano, 1990
Giuliani Cairoli, Fulvio - L’edilizia nell’antichità – Carocci: Roma, 1990 (ristampa 2006)
Adam, Jean-Pierre - L’arte di costruire presso i Romani. Materiali e tecniche – Longanesi: Milano, 1989
Mannoni, Tiziano - Caratteri costruttivi dell’edilizia storica - Collana: Venticinque anni di Archeologia Globale - Escum: Genova, 1994 - pp. 3-270
Cagnana, Aurora - Archeologia dei materiali da costruzione - Società Archeologica Padana: Mantova, 2000
Menicali, Umberto - I materiali dell’edilizia storica. Tecnologia e impiego dei materiali tradizionali - NIS: Roma, 1992 (1 ed. 1983)
Mannoni, Tiziano, Giannichedda, Enrico - Archeologia della produzione – Einaudi: Torino, 1996
Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste - Traité théorique et pratique de l’art de bâtir (Paris, chez l’Auteur, 1802-17), trad. it. sulla VI ed. francese, a cura di B. Soresina, Trattato teorico e pratico dell’arte di edificare, Fratelli Negretti: Mantova 1832-1841
Boato, Anna - L’archeologia in architettura. Misurazioni, stratigrafie, datazioni, restauro – Marsilio: Padova, 2008
Doglioni, Francesco - Stratigrafia e restauro. Tra conoscenza e conservazione dell’architettura – Lint: Trieste, 1997
Bellini, Amedeo (a cura di) - Tecniche della conservazione - F. Angeli: Milano, 1986 (ed. aggiornata 2003)
Norma UNI 11182 2006 Beni culturali - Materiali lapidei naturali ed artificiali - Descrizione della forma di alterazione - Termini e definizioni
Amoroso, Giovanni - Trattato di scienza della conservazione dei monumenti - Alinea: Firenze, 2002
Cigni, Giuseppe - Codacci Pisanelli, Biancaneve - Umidità e degrado negli edifici. Diagnosi e rimedi – Kappa: Roma, 1987
Monaco, Luciano M. – Santamaria, Armando - Indagini, prove e monitoraggio nel restauro degli edifici storici – ESI: Napoli, 1998
Centauro, Giuseppe Alberto (a cura di) - Tecnologie e conservazione degli apparati pittorici e del colore dell’edilizia storica - Poggibonsi, 2008
Di Pasquale, Salvatore - L’arte del costruire. Tra conoscenza e scienza – Venezia, 1996
Salvadori, Mario - Perché gli edifici stanno in piedi – Bompiani: Milano, 2000
Giuffré, Antonino - Letture sulla meccanica delle murature storiche – Kappa: Roma, 1991
Mastrodicasa, Sisto - Dissesti statici delle strutture edilizie. Diagnosi, consolidamento, istituzioni tecniche, applicazioni pratiche – Hoepli: Milano, 1993 (ristampa 2010)
Centauro, Giuseppe Alberto - La rilevazione dell’edificio danneggiato in Gurrieri, Francesco (ed.) – Manuale per la riabilitazione e la ricostruzione post sismica degli edifici – DEI: Roma, 1999 - pp . 155 – 223.
Tampone, Gennaro - Il restauro delle strutture in legno – Hoepli: Milano, 1996
Rodolico, Francesco - Le pietre delle città d’Italia - Le Monnier: Firenze, 1965
Learning Objectives - Part C
Learning outcome
The course is aimed at providing the necessary knowledge to operate competently in the protection and restoration of the architectural heritage. In particular, for the students the fundamental objectives of the study are as follows.
Knowledge and understanding: the course focuses on providing the conceptual tools, the general framework of the methodological problems and of the technical-scientific means, which are useful in the disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge to approach historical buildings. In particular:
The module of Architectural Restoration aims at providing students with the methods and tools of analysis to operate in heritage buildings according to conservation principles.
Application of the knowledge and understanding achieved: the course is addressed to provide students with the following disciplinary skills: knowledge of the disciplinary fundamentals in an interdisciplinary framework, the ability to organise and to lead a campaign of investigation and specific surveys, the ability to produce exhaustive documentary materials; to apply the knowledge gained to the development of a diagnostic project on the historical building, both in the professional and in the study fields.
Capacity of independent judgment: the goal is to provide the critical tools needed to draw up a diagnostic praxis aimed at the intervention of conservation, which is aware of the specific features that each artifact has from large to small scale, from the problems of the decay of materials to those of the stability of the structures.
Learning skills: the course intends to ensure and verify the assimilation of the basic knowledge of the discipline, the ability to collect and to interpret data, and the ability to integrate knowledge and to direct the complexities independently, including those about interdisciplinary work environments.
Communication skills: to provide the students with the tools for transmission of the results using texts and drawings, especially in relation to the professional field.
Learning Objectives - Part D
To provide students with a knowledge of:
1) materials and construction techniques of historic buildings
2) tools (methodological, technical and critical) essential to the multidisciplinary reading and analysis of built heritage for the definition of a proper draft diagnosis, which is preliminary to the setting of the next project of conservation and reuse:
- Critical observation of the material aspects
- Diachronic reading (stratigraphic) of the buildings
- Historical research for preservation
- Procedures for the setting of technical documents
At the end of the course the student will:
achieve an adequate level of awareness on the character of the restoration action:
- Operating contents and main interdisciplinary connections
- Historical and cultural value, as a contemporary resource
be able to set a correct analysis path of an existing architectural artifact:
- A summary of its material history and its conservation problems
- Diagnosis as a prelude to the project of conservation and reuse
Prerequisites - Part D
The basic knowledge of the following topics is strongly recommended:
- Outline of the history of architecture
- Traditional building materials
- Architectural metric survey
- Features of static and building science
Teaching Methods - Part C
The teaching of the course involves, in addition to the normal ex-cathedra lessons, class exercises and to the Florentine buildings of various ages guided visits, which then will be subject to exercises on materials, constructive components and structural patterns.
As part of the Lab, individually or in small groups, a survey of the architecture is made by the students, which is aimed at the preliminary diagnostic of the restoration design. This work particularly regards the issues of the structural features, the architectural solutions, the overall structural framework, degradation problems of the structure and material.
The students' works will be completed and delivered at fixed dates and they will be subject to regular review by the teacher in the classroom.
Teaching Methods - Part D
The laboratory is structured as follows:
LECTURES:
Seminars and communications in-depth on specific topics and case studies.
Events, seminars and conferences on issues of conservation will be reported during the course.
ACTIVITIES:
Visits: Sites and monuments, restoration sites and workshops, aimed at encouraging discussion and the collection of useful information to the individual search path. Observation of materials, techniques, decay phenomena.
Exercises in the classroom, on the field, at home: Application and verification of the covered topics. These activities will be primarily oriented to the testing procedures for investigation of the built.
Extra activities: Optional activities, outside lesson time, in small groups (max 10 people) on specific issues. Workshops, practical exercises, etc.
PROJECT ACTIVITY:
All activities of the workshop will be aimed at developing a cognitive research and the preparation of a project on a diagnostic architectural work
The theme of the survey will:
- Be agreed in advance with the teacher
- Have limited dimensions, so that it can be done in the duration of the course
- Submit a state of conservation of appropriate complexity
- Be freely accessible
The research will be carried out individually or in small groups (max 3 people). The research topics will be subject to audits.
Further information - Part D
The students' reception will take place weekly at the of the class, in the same classroom.
for further needs or appointments, contact the teacher to: michele.coppola@unifi.it
Type of Assessment - Part C
The teaching of the course involves, in addition to the normal ex-cathedra lessons, class exercises and to the Florentine buildings of various ages guided visits, which then will be subject to exercises on materials, constructive components and structural patterns.
As part of the Lab, individually or in small groups, a survey of the architecture is made by the students, which is aimed at the preliminary diagnostic of the restoration design. This work particularly regards the issues of the structural features, the architectural solutions, the overall structural framework, degradation problems of the structure and material.
The students' works will be completed and delivered at fixed dates and they will be subject to regular review by the teacher in the classroom.
Type of Assessment - Part D
The final evaluation will be carried out through the evaluation of the knowledge acquired, the results of the exercises, the activities and the final research project.
EVALUATION OF EXERCISES and ACTIVITIES
they will constitute intermediate tests of the educational process. Assessment methods and results will be constantly communicated and discussed during the course.
EVALUATION OF THE FINAL RESEARCH
The conclusive research will be illustrated by a set of documents essentially constituted by:
1 - an explanatory report of the research carried out and the results obtained
2 - drawings of the format most suitable to describe the essential steps of the research and the results of the inquiry on the item
Part of the documentation will be prepared in reference to the current legislative framework. Detailed information on the papers to be presented will be provided during the course.
THE FINAL EXAM
The final exam consists of an interview, individual and group, on the topics covered during the course, bibliography, methods and results of exercises and conclusive research
Course program - Part C
Constructive features of historical buildings
Introduction to the knowledge of ancient and modern materials, identification and different uses of them in architecture.
Structural conception and construction techniques in their historical development.
Trilithon and thrusting structures.
Foundation types: strip foundations; isolated foundations; foundations on arches; deep foundations.
The vertical structures: materials, construction techniques, decay factors.
Floor and wooden roofs. Evolution of the construction technique, decay factors.
Arches, lintels, vaults and domes. Materials and building characteristics.
Wooden and reinforced concrete frameworks.
The use of iron in the historic buildings: ties, floors, coverings, complex structures.
Analysis and study of the buildings phases and transformations.
- C.F.Giuliani, L'edilizia nell'antichità, Roma, 1990
- J.P.Adam, L'arte di costruire presso i Romani. Materiali e tecniche, Milano, 1989;
- M.Salvatori, Perché gli edifici stanno in piedi, Milano, 1990
- S. Maria del Fiore. Teorie e storie dell’archeologia e del restauro nella città delle fabbriche arnolfiane, a cura di G. R. Coopmans de Yoldi, Firenze, 2006;
- And other texts in the course will be provided.
Architectural Restoration
The schedule introduces the methodological aspects of architectural restoration addressing the following topics:
Outlines of the theory and history of the architectural restoration
The beginning of the concept of cultural heritage
Restoration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, protagonists and examples
The preliminaries investigations in the architectural artifacts
The survey for restoration design and the direct analysis of buildings.
The instrumental investigations.
The issue of the invasiveness of investigations.
Diagnosis of damp and of decay of the materials.
Acquisitions and domain of the information through the thematic drawings (dump, materials and state of preservation, the crack pattern, construction phases, previous restorations e.g.).
Glossary of decay
Learning activities
The teaching of the course involves, in addition to the normal ex-cathedra lessons, class exercises and to the Florentine buildings of various ages guided visits, which then will be subject to exercises on materials, constructive components and structural patterns.
As part of the Lab, individually or in small groups, a survey of the architecture is made by the students, which is aimed at the preliminary diagnostic of the restoration design. This work particularly regards the issues of the structural features, the architectural solutions, the overall structural framework, degradation problems of the structure and material.
The students' works will be completed and delivered at fixed dates and they will be subject to regular review by the teacher in the classroom.
Assessment methods
The students must have completed the exercise to get admittance to the final exam, producing the following papers:
-photographic documentation;
-historical report;
-drawings of the building studied: plans, elevations, sections, thematic drawings on materials and structures;
- report on the construction techniques, characteristics of the materials, pathologies of the structures and alteration of the materials used.
The examination consists of the discussion both of the building that was studied, and on the subjects in themodule of the course dealt with.
The skills showed by the students to carry out the principles and methods of the building investigations is evaluated for a final mark.
Texts
P. Sanpaolesi, Discorso sulla metodologia generale del restauro dei monumenti, Edam, Firenze, 1973
G. Rocchi, Istituzioni di restauro architettonico dei beni architettonici e ambientali, Hoepli, Milano 1990 (II ed.)
G.Carbonara, Trattato di restauro architettonico, U.T.E.T., Torino 1996-2001
C. Di Biase, Il degrado del calcestruzzo nell'architettura del Novecento, Maggioli Editore, Santarcangelo di Romagna, 2009
S. Musso, Recupero e restauro degli edifici storici. Guida pratica al rilievo e alla diagnostica, EPC libri, 2010
L.Marino, Il rilievo per il restauro, Hoepli, Milano 1990
And other texts in the course will be provided.
Learning outcome
The course is aimed at providing the necessary knowledge to operate competently in the protection and restoration of the architectural heritage. In particular, for the students the fundamental objectives of the study are as follows.
Knowledge and understanding: the course focuses on providing the conceptual tools, the general framework of the methodological problems and of the technical-scientific means, which are useful in the disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge to approach historical buildings. In particular:
The module of Architectural Restoration aims at providing students with the methods and tools of analysis to operate in heritage buildings according to conservation principles.
Application of the knowledge and understanding achieved: the course is addressed to provide students with the following disciplinary skills: knowledge of the disciplinary fundamentals in an interdisciplinary framework, the ability to organise and to lead a campaign of investigation and specific surveys, the ability to produce exhaustive documentary materials; to apply the knowledge gained to the development of a diagnostic project on the historical building, both in the professional and in the study fields.
Capacity of independent judgment: the goal is to provide the critical tools needed to draw up a diagnostic praxis aimed at the intervention of conservation, which is aware of the specific features that each artifact has from large to small scale, from the problems of the decay of materials to those of the stability of the structures.
Learning skills: the course intends to ensure and verify the assimilation of the basic knowledge of the discipline, the ability to collect and to interpret data, and the ability to integrate knowledge and to direct the complexities independently, including those about interdisciplinary work environments.
Communication skills: to provide the students with the tools for transmission of the results using texts and drawings, especially in relation to the professional field.
Course program - Part D
Topics covered and objectives of the course
The restoration workshop is a summary of the most challenging of the degree course and involves a broad base of knowledge. Appeals to much of the knowledge gained during studies in architecture (and as a result, is affected by their possible deficiencies), and at the same time caters to other fields and disciplines, from historical sciences to the natural sciences. Any adjustments to the constructed involves technical choices but also cultural, which place the restorer architect in front of important responsibilities to the communities in which it operates and towards their future.
The architectural heritage requires an appropriate level of knowledge and constant protection measures. The ordered collection of the surviving traces (recording, cataloging and processing) can be the basis for archives and laboratories of materials and encourage renewed reflections on the history of the building. The awareness of significant events for themselves and valid in the context can stimulate the formation of a cultural identity and help to gain experience that could result in higher attitudes attention and stimulate renewed critical tools. The recovery of the knowledge of materials and local building traditions may, in fact, also an effective preventive action and, thereby, reduce the vulnerability of a historic building.
The purpose of the workshop is to implement critical skills and operational tools to stimulate the process of care to the existing one. nodal point of this process is to achieve an adequate degree of awareness of the characteristics that the intervention has built on: the operational content and the main interdisciplinary connections, but also the problems related to its historical, cultural and contemporary source of growth .
The first part of the course will focus on in-depth knowledge of materials and building historical building techniques. The second part will provide the tools (methodological, technical and critical) essential to the reading and analysis of the multidisciplinary built for the definition of a proper draft preliminary diagnosis to next setting of conservation and reuse. Will explain the methodologies for the critical observation of the material aspects and clues for a diachronic reading (stratigraphic) of the buildings, with attention to historical investigation role towards the preservation and illustration of the procedure necessary for the preparation of technical reports in compliance with the legislative framework.
The student at the end of the laboratory must be able to operate simple analytical assessments on existing buildings, bring back the reading in processed that they return with precision the quality of the building and its conservation problems. The educational activities will address the following issues:
The building over time. architecture technological history. History of the building material
- Definition and areas of a building technique.
- Magisters and rules of "good building". Standard solutions and unusual solutions.
- Cultural environments and local resources. The constructive cultures "local".
- The transfer of technological knowledge. technical and development traditions.
- The "time" component architecture. The material history of architectural works.
- Outlines of the history of building techniques. Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern Age.
- Archaeology of construction materials and production systems. Stone, mortar, plaster and binders (lime, gypsum, cement), ceramic materials (bricks and pottery), metal, wood.
- Structural systems. Foundations, masonry equipment, vaulted structures, floors, etc.
- Traditional technologies of architectural decoration (graffiti, wall paintings, artificial stone, etc.).
Introduction to Architectural Restoration
- Definitions and basic concepts. Foundations, objectives and application fields of the discipline.
- The role of knowledge in the discipline of the restoration of the historic route.
- The restoration project as a project of knowledge. current methodological developments for analysis and diagnosis. Standards and restoration cards. Procedures and bureaucracy; Italian legislative framework; the European and international situation.
- Relations with the specialist disciplines and fields of study involved.
- Outlines of archaeological restoration. Fact-finding investigations on architectural artifacts reduced in ruins; disciplinary and historical evolution; main regulations.
The documentation for the restoration: collection, management and interpretation of data
- Analysis and diagnosis for the restoration project. direct and indirect sources.
- Tools and methods for selecting and collecting information and for the organization of the archives
- Documentation static and dynamic documentation.
- The collection of field data. The inspection.
- Method "for" and method of Raumbuch samples.
- The collection of information in emergency conditions
- Computer tools for managing data in the restoration (DBM, GIS).
- Photographic documentation. Criteria, standards, practices.
- The interpretation of the data. statistical calculations and processing issues
Indirect sources for the historical knowledge of the building
- Historical research as the basis for restoration.
- The selection of the sources and the survey setting.
- Indirect sources: bibliographic research, archival, iconographic.
- Digital tools for historical research. Web and computer files.
- Criteria for the collection, management and processing of information.
The direct sources for knowledge and history of the building material
- The metric knowledge. The relief for the restoration
- The major project and its impact on the project and the restoration site
- The size and geometrical knowledge of the construction. Methods and geometric survey instruments.
- Elaborate graphics and representation for the restoration. IT tools
- The relief in emergency conditions
- Survey Methods and tools for reading the built
- Analysis of the constructive character and study of building techniques
- Reading and interpretation of the diachronic development of the factory
- Archaeological methods applied to built. Basic principles of archaeological research.
- Architecture Archaeology. The report archaeologist / architect
- The stratigraphic method, typological surveys, statistical processing
- Methods of historic buildings dating
- The contribution of applied sciences. archaeometrical analysis
- The intersection of the data. indirect sources and material documents. Archives of paper and soil archives
- Audit trails. Experimentation and in the approach to building simulation for the study of materials and processes.
- Criteria for documentation, processing and restitution (thematic maps)
- The materials. Analysis and recognition. Degradation and diagnostics
- Properties of building materials.
- Forms, dynamics and causes of deterioration of the materials.
- Empirical methods for the recognition of materials.
- Analysis and interpretation of the state of conservation: recognition of diseases, identification of the causes, evaluation of the evolutionary processes of the phenomena.
- The draft of the materials conservation. Knowledge and diagnosis. The program of investigations
- Techniques of study and investigation for the characterization and diagnostics. non-destructive investigations and laboratory analysis. technical and legal references. standardized methods (UNI-Normal).
- The time value in the degradation of materials. previous phenomena and in place.
- A history of the disease. The intersection of the data. indirect sources and material documents.
- The assessment and monitoring of degenerative phenomena. Monitoring, simulations, models, tests and experiments in the laboratory and on site.
- Documentation, processing and return the results: thematic tables (materials, processes, degradation, framework hygroscopic, criticality, etc ...). Rules and notation.
- Role, issues and current trends in scientific research.
- The structures. Analysis and recognition. Disruption and diagnostics
- Knowledge and analysis of collapse mechanisms: masonry, arch structures and vaulted, wooden structures, foundations, land.
- The project of preservation of the structures. Knowledge and diagnosis. The investigation of the program.
- Analysis of the structures. Reading and structural characterization of masonry buildings.
- Analysis and interpretation of structural trouble: recognition of forms of disruption, identification of the causes, evaluation of the evolutionary processes of the phenomena.
- Investigative techniques for structural knowledge and diagnosis of instability. Destructive and non-destructive tests (in the laboratory and in-situ). Areas of use and reliability of the results.
- Survey Methods for diagnostics on the buildings affected by the earthquake.
- A history of instability. The intersection of the data. indirect sources and material documents.
- Evaluation and monitoring of degenerative phenomena. Monitoring, simulation models, checks and tests in laboratory and on site to assess the damage.
- Criteria for documentation, processing and return the results: survey of damage and crack pattern, monitoring and structural control, thematic maps.
- Role, issues and current trends in scientific research.