ETIOLOGY
CELLULAR AND EXTRACELULAR PATHOLOGY
INFLAMMATION AND HEALING
IMMUNIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
HEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS
HEMODINAMIC DISORDERS
ONCOLOGY
TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION (THIRD YEAR)
Histopathology of high-definition digital images of tissue sections - i.e. virtual microscopy - illustrating the morphological basis of cell pathology, inflammation and repair
Course Content - Part B
ETIOLOGY
CELLULAR AND EXTRACELULAR PATHOLOGY
INFLAMMATION AND HEALING
IMMUNIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
HEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS
HEMODINAMIC DISORDERS
ONCOLOGY
TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION (THIRD YEAR)
Histopathology of high-definition digital images of tissue sections - i.e. virtual microscopy - illustrating the morphological basis of cell pathology, inflammation and repair
Vinay Kumar & Abul K. Abbas & Jon C. Aster
“Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease", 9th Edition - Elsevier
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/robbins-cotran-pathologic-basis-of-disease-9781455726134.html
Abul K. Abbas & Andrew H. Lichtman & Shiv Pillai "Cellular and Molecular Immunology", 8th Edition - Elsevier
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/cellular-and-molecular-immunology-9780323222754.html
Recomented textbook for deeper knowledges:
Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine", vol. 1 and 2, 19th Edition - McGraw-Hill
Vinay Kumar & Abul K. Abbas & Jon C. Aster
“Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease", 9th Edition - Elsevier
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/robbins-cotran-pathologic-basis-of-disease-
9781455726134.html
Abul K. Abbas & Andrew H. Lichtman & Shiv Pillai "Cellular and Molecular
Immunology", 8th Edition - Elsevier
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/cellular-and-molecular-immunology-
9780323222754.html
Recomented textbook for deeper knowledges:
Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson,
Joseph Loscalzo "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine", vol. 1 and 2, 19th
Edition - McGraw-Hill
HISTOPATHOLOGY ATLAS
G. O'Dowd, W. Stewart and B. Young
"Wheater's Basic Pathology: A Text, Atlas and Review of Histopathology", 5th
Edition - Elsevier
http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780443067976&pagename=search
M. Chevanne, R.Caldini
"Immagini di Istopatologia"
Firenze University Press - Open Access
http://electronica.unifi.it/online/atlante/
Learning Objectives - Part A
At the end of the course the student will understand the etiology of diseases, the inflammation and healing processes, and mechanisms leading to neoplasia. The student will also acquire an understanding of the structure and functioning of the immune system and its relation to health and disease.
Learning Objectives - Part B
At the end of the course the student will understand the etiology of diseases, the inflammation and healing processes, and mechanisms leading to neoplasia. The student will also acquire an understanding of the structure and functioning of the immune system and its relation to health and disease.
Prerequisites - Part A
Course Requirements are set by Course Degree
Prerequisites - Part B
Course Requirements are set by Course Degree
Teaching Methods - Part A
Lectures in classroom, e-learning, practical training in general histopathology organized in small student groups (i.e AFP III-General Histopathology Module)
Teaching Methods - Part B
Lectures in classroom, e-learning, practical training in general histopathology
organized in small student groups (i.e AFP III-General Histopathology Module)
Further information - Part A
Coordinator: Prof. Emanuela Barletta
Office hours of Teachers of the Integrated Course: daily by appointment.
Assessment methods
The final examination of the whole integrated course aims to assess the achievement of the objectives of the integrated course (General Pathology I & II). It consists of specific questions - oral questions during exam session and written tests during ongoing e-learning - about the different subjects included in the whole program of the integrated course.
Moreover the final evaluation of the integrated course also takes into account the assessment achieved during the Training Activities for Professionalization (third year) (AFP III) - "General Histopathology" Module.
The board of examiners will be composed for each exam session by teachers of either channels of the integrated course and by teachers of AFPIII-"General Histopathology" Module.
During the academic year students can access to 10 official exam sessions: 4 in the summer session, June-July; 2 in the autumn session of September; and 4 and in the winter session, January-February.
Attendance
Admission to the final examination is subject to the attendance of the Course.
Attendance is assessed as follows:
1) regular attendance at lessons in classroom - is mandatory;
2) attendance at the AFP III- "Hystopathology" is mandatory in order to get the attendance at the Course of General Pathology;
3) activities carried out in the e-learning platform are mandatory to get the attendance at the Course of General Pathology.
Type of Assessment - Part B
Assessment methods
The final examination of the whole integrated course aims to assess the achievement of the objectives of the integrated course (General Pathology I & II). It consists of specific questions - oral questions during exam session and written tests during ongoing e-learning - about the different subjects included in the whole program of the integrated course.
Moreover the final evaluation of the integrated course also takes into account the assessment achieved during the Training Activities for Professionalization (third year) (AFP III) - "General Histopathology" Module.
The board of examiners will be composed for each exam session by teachers of either channels of the integrated course and by teachers of AFPIII-"General Histopathology" Module.
During the academic year students can access to 10 official exam sessions: 4 in the summer session, June-July; 2 in the autumn session of September; and 4 and in the winter session, January-February.
Attendance
Admission to the final examination is subject to the attendance of the Course.
Attendance is assessed as follows:
1) regular attendance at lessons in classroom - is mandatory;
2) attendance at the AFP III- "Hystopathology" is mandatory in order to get the attendance at the Course of General Pathology;
3) activities carried out in the e-learning platform are mandatory to get the attendance at the Course of General Pathology.
Course program - Part A
1. ETIOLOGY
Concepts of health and disease.
Concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis
a) Physical and chemical agents of disease
Trauma, low or high temperature, sound and ultrasound, atmosferic pressure, gravity, electric power, electromagnetic fields, radiations.
Environmental, micro-environmental and individual pollutants: metabolic biotransformation and elimination, mechanisms of chemically induced injury.
Nutritional diseases: hyper- and hypovitaminosis, metabolic effects of prolonged fasting, causes and effects of malnutrition.
b) Biological agents of disease
General principles of viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections.
Definition of infection, infestation and intoxication
Host defense mechanisms against infection
Host-parasite relationship.
Pathogenictiy and virulence.
Common modes of transmission and routes for spread of infectious disease.
Bacterial infections: infections due to pyogenes, mechanism of action of bacterial toxins.
Viral infections:mechanisms of viral pathogenicity.
Genetic disorders: definition of a genetic disorder, molecular effects of genetic disorders, genetic susceptibility to disease
2. CELLULAR AND EXTRACELULAR PATHOLOGY
Subcellular responses to injury: nuclear alterations, mitocondrial alterations, endoplasmic reticulum disfunctions, lysosomal disorders, cytoskeletal abnormalities.
Reversible cellular changes and accumulations: cellular swelling, fatty change, accumulations of pigments (melanin, bilirubin, hemosiderin, lipofuscin, exogenous pigments).
Cellular responses to stress
Cellular adaptations:hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
Cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
Pathologic calcification: Dystrophic and metastatic calcification
Extracellular pathology: pathology of collagen elastin, pathology of basement membrane, pathology of proteoglycans, amyloidosis
3. INFLAMMATION AND HEALING
Definition of inflammation
The inflammatory cells.
The Vascular response
Exudate formation.
Cellular response: margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
Defects of phagocytic function.
Chemical mediators of acute inflammation.
Morphologic types of acute inflammation and course of acute inflammation.
Chronic inflammation: acute vesrsus cronic inflammation
The inflammatory cells of cronic inflammation.
Chemical mediators of cronic inflammation.
Chronic granulomatous inflammation
Systemic effects of inflammation: acute phase proteins, increase of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leucocytosis, fever
Fever and hyperthermia: types of fever, thermoregulatory and metabolic changes during fever. modificazioni organiche e metaboliche nella febbre.
Healing: repair and regeneration.
Molecular control of healing process.
Factors that influence wound healing: local factors, systemic factors.
Healing in specialized tissues.
4. IMMUNIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Introduction to the immune system: functions and features of immune system, innate and acquired immunity.
Cells of the immune system: lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells, etc.
Primary and secondary response.
Organs and tissues of the Iimmune system : generative and secondary organs.
Lymphatic system and lymphocyte recirculation, evolution of the immune system.
Innate immunity: physical barriers, preformed proteins, professional phagocytes, NK and NKT cels, gamma-delta lymphocytes.
Antigents: mechanisms of antigen recognition of innate immunity, the inflammasome, antigen receptors of cells of the specific immunity, antigen recognition, creation of the receptor repertoire, somatic recombination, clonal distribution. MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation; proteasome and immunoproteasome. Dendritic cells.
Secreted antibodies: structure, functions, classification.
B Lymphocytes: features, development, maturation and activation; structure of B cell receptor, functions in the immune response.
T lymphocytes: features of T helper and cytotoxic, development, maturation and activation, structure of T cell receptor, functions in the immune respons.
Cytokines: Cytokines and cytokine receptors
T-B Cooperation: costimulation, role of accessorial molecules, T-dependent and independent responses; isotypic switch, suppression of T cell response, Th1 and Th2 responses.
Vaccines: vaccine strategies, different types of vaccines.
Hypersensitivity reactions: anaphylactic reactions, reaction of antibodies against surface antigens. immune complexes and serum sickness, delayed hypersensitivity.
Immune tolerance: recognition and discrimination between self and non-self, mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance, tolerance breakage and autoimmunity, examples of autoimmune diseases.
Immunosuppression and immunodeficiencies.
Immunology of transplants: transplants classifications, biological bases of transplant rejection, different types of rejection, HLA typization, AB0 and Rh systems, transfusion reactions.
5. Hemostasis and thrombosis
Events in hemostasis: role of endothelium, platelets, and coagulation casacade.
Thrombosis: pathogenesis and fate of thrombus.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Bleeding disorders.
6. HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
Local ischemia: pathogenesis of ischemic damage, the pathophysiology of reperfusion, infarction.
General ischemia: classification and pathogenesis of shock, evolution of shock, multiple organ failure, pathophysiology of septic shock.
Embolism.
Atherosclerosis.
Edema
Active hyperemia and passive hyperemia.
7. ONCOLOGY
Definitions and classification: benign and malignant tumors, classification according to the histogenetic principle, gradindg, staging, TNM classification, classification of neoplasms of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, types of melanoma staging systems.
Cancerogenesis: cancer epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous chemical carcinogenesis, mechanisms of physical and biological carcinogenesis.
The neoplastic phenotype: control of cell growth and differentiation, genomic instability, morphological and metabolic features, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, mechanisms of cancer gene activation/inactivation, neoplastic progression.
Angiogenesis and the metastatic process.
Tumor immunology.
Metabolic effects of cancer: cancer cachexia.
Paraneoplastic syndromes.
TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION (THIRD YEAR)
By the end of this activity, the students will be able to recognize and describe
microscopic features of:
intracellular and extracellular accumulations;
changes of reversible injury;
acute and chronic inflammation, including chronic granulomatous inflammation;
healing, regeneration and fibrosis.
Course program - Part B
1. ETIOLOGY
Concepts of health and disease.
Concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis
a) Physical and chemical agents of disease
Trauma, low or high temperature, sound and ultrasound, atmosferic pressure, gravity, electric power, electromagnetic fields, radiations.
Environmental, micro-environmental and individual pollutants: metabolic biotransformation and elimination, mechanisms of chemically induced injury.
Nutritional diseases: hyper- and hypovitaminosis, metabolic effects of prolonged fasting, causes and effects of malnutrition.
b) Biological agents of disease
General principles of viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections.
Definition of infection, infestation and intoxication
Host defense mechanisms against infection
Host-parasite relationship.
Pathogenictiy and virulence.
Common modes of transmission and routes for spread of infectious disease.
Bacterial infections: infections due to pyogenes, mechanism of action of bacterial toxins.
Viral infections:mechanisms of viral pathogenicity.
Genetic disorders: definition of a genetic disorder, molecular effects of genetic disorders, genetic susceptibility to disease
2. CELLULAR AND EXTRACELULAR PATHOLOGY
Subcellular responses to injury: nuclear alterations, mitocondrial alterations, endoplasmic reticulum disfunctions, lysosomal disorders, cytoskeletal abnormalities.
Reversible cellular changes and accumulations: cellular swelling, fatty change, accumulations of pigments (melanin, bilirubin, hemosiderin, lipofuscin, exogenous pigments).
Cellular responses to stress
Cellular adaptations:hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
Cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
Pathologic calcification: Dystrophic and metastatic calcification
Extracellular pathology: pathology of collagen elastin, pathology of basement membrane, pathology of proteoglycans, amyloidosis
3. INFLAMMATION AND HEALING
Definition of inflammation
The inflammatory cells.
The Vascular response
Exudate formation.
Cellular response: margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
Defects of phagocytic function.
Chemical mediators of acute inflammation.
Morphologic types of acute inflammation and course of acute inflammation.
Chronic inflammation: acute vesrsus cronic inflammation
The inflammatory cells of cronic inflammation.
Chemical mediators of cronic inflammation.
Chronic granulomatous inflammation
Systemic effects of inflammation: acute phase proteins, increase of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leucocytosis, fever
Fever and hyperthermia: types of fever, thermoregulatory and metabolic changes during fever. modificazioni organiche e metaboliche nella febbre.
Healing: repair and regeneration.
Molecular control of healing process.
Factors that influence wound healing: local factors, systemic factors.
Healing in specialized tissues.
4. IMMUNIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Introduction to the immune system: functions and features of immune system, innate and acquired immunity.
Cells of the immune system: lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells, etc.
Primary and secondary response.
Organs and tissues of the Iimmune system : generative and secondary organs.
Lymphatic system and lymphocyte recirculation, evolution of the immune system.
Innate immunity: physical barriers, preformed proteins, professional phagocytes, NK and NKT cels, gamma-delta lymphocytes.
Antigents: mechanisms of antigen recognition of innate immunity, the inflammasome, antigen receptors of cells of the specific immunity, antigen recognition, creation of the receptor repertoire, somatic recombination, clonal distribution. MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation; proteasome and immunoproteasome. Dendritic cells.
Secreted antibodies: structure, functions, classification.
B Lymphocytes: features, development, maturation and activation; structure of B cell receptor, functions in the immune response.
T lymphocytes: features of T helper and cytotoxic, development, maturation and activation, structure of T cell receptor, functions in the immune respons.
Cytokines: Cytokines and cytokine receptors
T-B Cooperation: costimulation, role of accessorial molecules, T-dependent and independent responses; isotypic switch, suppression of T cell response, Th1 and Th2 responses.
Vaccines: vaccine strategies, different types of vaccines.
Hypersensitivity reactions: anaphylactic reactions, reaction of antibodies against surface antigens. immune complexes and serum sickness, delayed hypersensitivity.
Immune tolerance: recognition and discrimination between self and non-self, mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance, tolerance breakage and autoimmunity, examples of autoimmune diseases.
Immunosuppression and immunodeficiencies.
Immunology of transplants: transplants classifications, biological bases of transplant rejection, different types of rejection, HLA typization, AB0 and Rh systems, transfusion reactions.
5. Hemostasis and thrombosis
Events in hemostasis: role of endothelium, platelets, and coagulation casacade.
Thrombosis: pathogenesis and fate of thrombus.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Bleeding disorders.
6. HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
Local ischemia: pathogenesis of ischemic damage, the pathophysiology of reperfusion, infarction.
General ischemia: classification and pathogenesis of shock, evolution of shock, multiple organ failure, pathophysiology of septic shock.
Embolism.
Atherosclerosis.
Edema
Active hyperemia and passive hyperemia.
7. ONCOLOGY
Definitions and classification: benign and malignant tumors, classification according to the histogenetic principle, gradindg, staging, TNM classification, classification of neoplasms of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, types of melanoma staging systems.
Cancerogenesis: cancer epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous chemical carcinogenesis, mechanisms of physical and biological carcinogenesis.
The neoplastic phenotype: control of cell growth and differentiation, genomic instability, morphological and metabolic features, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, mechanisms of cancer gene activation/inactivation, neoplastic progression.
Angiogenesis and the metastatic process.
Tumor immunology.
Metabolic effects of cancer: cancer cachexia.
Paraneoplastic syndromes.
TRAINING ACTIVITIES FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION (THIRD YEAR)
By the end of this activity, the students will be able to recognize and describe microscopic features of:
intracellular and extracellular accumulations;
changes of reversible injury;
acute and chronic inflammation, including chronic granulomatous inflammation;
healing, regeneration and fibrosis.